Participants: 64 rats, with critical-size defects (CSD) of 5 mm diameter created in their calvaria.
Groups: Animals were randomly divided into four groups:
Control: Blood clot only.
BMA: Coagulated bone marrow aspirate.
LLLT: Laser irradiation and blood clot.
BMA/LLLT: Laser irradiation and coagulated bone marrow aspirate.
Intervention: Euthanasia was performed at 15 or 30 days postoperative.
Findings (Based on Title and Abstract Snippet): Bone marrow coagulate and low-level laser therapy accelerate bone healing by enhancing angiogenesis, cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization.
